Waste Management In The Construction Industry Construction Essay

Waste Management In The Construction Industry Construction Essay Management for the solid waste is one of the important parts of Environmental Engineering or Management in Construction Industry. As the construction industry worldwide is a conspicuous consumer of raw materials of many types and it does not have an enviable record in its attitude to managing the waste, it produced both during construction and as a result of the demolition of buildings. Although there are some demolition materials were recycled, such as doors and windows, or bricks, these components are limited that most of the construction waste has long been indiscriminately loaded into containers and taken to landfill with no attempt to salvage anything that might be of use. However, landfill is not a suitable long-term to handle the solid construction waste, as depleting the worlds natural resources, our pollution may be irreparably damaging its natural eco-system. The practice of solid waste management is underpinned by a hierarchy of waste control measures (Peng et al., 1997). This hierarchy, shown in Figure ##, means control measures are preferable to recycling rather than disposal the waste by incineration or land-filling. Recycling of solid waste means re-used the waste after that waste is re-processed. Therefore, the amount of solid waste of construction industry can be reduced by recycling. To recycle the solid waste, the building materials and components is needed to be re-examined their life cycle by life cycle assessment, that is the framework within which a material or product is examined through its entire from raw material extraction, manufacture, construction, use, maintenance and disposal. As a result, the solid wastes were used to be handled in one direction that is using for landfill, but now some of the solid wastes can be used for another construction works, so that the waste can be reduced. Nevertheless, in order to achieve the goal, all participants in the construction process are needed to make the integrated effort. If someone is going to demolition a building and want to recycle the construction waste, there should be another construction project that is going to use the recycled material. Effective waste management therefore requires a collaborative effort through the construction supply chain in which the client, designer, materials manufacturers and suppliers, construction and demolition contractors and waste disposal contractors all have an important role to play. Innovative design As it is mentioned above that designer is one of the parties that need to help a construction project become more environments. To reduce construction waste, innovations in the design of buildings can provide a greater flexibility and permit refurbishment and fit-out as when needed to do so. Buildings can also be designed to facilitate de-construction. As it is the preferred method of demolition, the materials used can choose as some re-use materials. Also, innovative design can have a significant impact on material wastage. For example, the roof of the Sydney Olympic Main Arana Grandstand was designed in such a way that it requited 22% less steel. Material Supply To minimize promoting waste during construction, suppliers of the material also play an important role, as they can rationalize production by standardizing components and reducing packaging. Also, they can participate with recycled content in the manufacture of products. Such as BHP, a leading Australian mining and resources company, manufactures 100% recycled steel products in its Sydney mini-mill which uses up to 300 000 tonnes of scrap steel each year. A better waste management can also be promoted by innovative supply arrangements. From some adopting practices like taking-back surplus or recyclable materials (Environment Australia, 2000), it is reported that some producers of construction materials now are starting to take responsibility for the whole life cycle of their products. An example is showing that Interface Australia Pty Ltd has refocused its supply arrangements to achieve less wasteful practices. The company of supplying modular carpet tiles has adopted a system throug h which customers lease rather than buy the carpet. Customers pay a monthly fee, which includes warranty, design, manufacture, installation, maintenance and final reclamation of the product, for the value and use of the carpet supplied. Construction Construction Contractor can also reduce solid waste during construction, as their works may include waste management plans, good site management and organization. Accurate estimating and ordering with nil allowance for waste reduces the volume of waste, the cost of materials and the cost of waste disposal. On the construction site, it should be clearly separated and labeled the wastes which can recycle and cannot recycle. It is reported that through its waste minimization measures, Fletcher Construction reduced waste disposal costs by 55% and increased profits compared to another project, of very similar design and construction, in which waste minimization measures were not implemented (McDonald, 1996). In the construction industry, in the large proportion of the work is sub-contracted, ensuring supplier and sub-contractor compliance with waste management plans is crucial. On the Stadium Australia project, 7000 fire doors were delivered direct from the factory without packaging and sub-contracts required compliance with project waste management plans and specified that packaging materials had to be returned to the original suppliers (Commonwealth Department of the Environment and Heritage, 2000). Demolition The demolition process generates the greatest volumes of waste in Construction Industry, so a good planning can reduce waste very effectively. Deconstruction of the components of a building should be done very carefully and taken apart piece by piece since these materials can salvage and re-use. Salvage and re-use of building components requires a network through which materials and purchasers can be matched. There are reported to be very successful material/waste exchanges operating in the United States, e.g., Mason Brothers in Vermont, who use a barter system to trade used items from buildings and are reportedly making a profit (Witten, 1992). Mason Brothers do not specialize in historical treasures but also supply low-end materials, such as US$10 doors and chipped bathtubs. Another successful broker of salvaged items is Urban Ore in Berkeley, California. The company operates a 2.2 acre (0.89 ha) warehouse, employs 16 people and reported expected gross sales of US$1,000,000 in 1992 (Hazen and Sawyer PC, 1993). At present, such exchanges are in their infancy in Australia although some government agencies have created exchange web sites. However, in some situation that salvage and re-use are not possible, due for instance to the use of composite materials, demolition waste can still be recycled. For example, during the demolition of the Balmain Power Station in Sydney, around 18 000 tonnes of concrete and brick and 2000 tonnes of steel were recycled (Commonwealth Department of the Environment and Heritage, 2000). Waste disposal In the waste management process, additional to the provision and emptying of skips, waste disposal contractors can also assist in through offering services. For a good practice illustrate, technological barriers to the management of solid construction waste are being overcome. Construction waste has a high potential for recovery and re-use (Cosper et al., 1993; Schlauder and Brickner, 1993) and recycling options for solid construction waste are also increasing (Merry, 1990; von Stein and Savage, 1994). However, the extent to which recycling, re-use and reduction of solid construction waste can be achieved depends on motivational and attitudinal influences on the behaviour of participants at all levels of the construction process, from site operatives, to clients, managers, foremen, suppliers and designers; pressures to complete work quickly, for example, might lead a tradesman to cut components from new material rather than spending time locating suitable previously cut pieces (Federle, 1993). In the construction industry, Skoyles and Skoyles (I 987) were the first to recognize that the problem of material wastage was more dependent upon the attitudes and behavioural tendencies of individuals involved in the construction process than upon the technical processes it employed. Since then other studies by Heino (1994), Soibelman et al. (1994), Guthrie and Mallett (1995), Lingard et al. (2000) and Teo (2000) have reinforced this view. Due to time and cost constraints, poor leadership and a lack of experience in dealing with environmental issues, their findings suggest that negative attitudes towards waste management prevail on construction projects. to the construction industry of making itself more sustainable, it would seem that the challenge is more fundamental than merely creating policies and systems to monitor work-practices. Rather, the problem is cultural and lies in changing peoples attitudes to issues such as waste management.

Boom and bust in telecommunication Case Study Essay

Introduction In 1979, Mr. Andy Mallari opened a small shop selling transistor radios which was located at one corner (Gen. Luna St.) of the entire stretch of Burgos Avenue, the main thoroughfare of Cabanatuan City. After eleven years, he was able to save money for the expansion of his business along Del Pilar Street due to increasing demand for electronic parts used in the assembly and maintenance of radios, tape recorders, amplifiers, and various related appliances. Mr. Mallari started his sales and repairs operating stores in big towns of San Juan City, Gapan, and Guimba to double his feat. After he met Mr. Estelito Chan, a former classmate who has a well-established appliance assembly plant in Manila, his business viewpoint has changed considerably. He wants to follow the footsteps of his friend. Problem Statement Mr. Malllarià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s oldest son is about to enter college and he is already 47 years old. In relation to this, he thinks that this is the best time for him to consider sending his son to an engineering school. His judgement will focus on which school and which engineering course he will ask his children to take. He has three sons, all belonging to the top ten in their respective classes. He knows all three have the potential to help him realize his dream of establishing his own assembly plant. Now, his top priority is to identify the right college courses for his children. Objectives The objectives of this case are (1) to identify the right engineering course for Mr. Mallarià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s children, (2) to analyze each engineering course in relation to the attainment of his dream of establishing his own assembly plant and (3) to recommend the most favorable choices to be made to ensure the realization of his dream assembly plant. Analyzing Case Data Mr. Mallarià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s main goal is to put up his own appliance assembly plant. In order to achieve that goal he was to assign engineering courses for his children to take up. His current business offers sales and repairs of electronic parts. In order to successfully establish his own assembly plant,  technical knowledge of the engineering courses must be parallel to this area of business. People with the right skill sets and experience levels are absolutely necessary for the smooth working of an organization. Another important factor he should consider is that the three engineering courses though related to one another should have clear and distinct functions in his company. He must establish the nature of the job of the three to ensure no duplication of work. This also involves the division of labor, the delegation of authority and departmentalization. Since his three sons have strong potential and determination in their studies and future career, he must continue to guid e them and lead them to the attainment of success of their goal. Suggested Course of Action An assembly plant is a factory where manufactured parts are assembled into a finished product. The four fields of engineering namely: mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronics and communications engineering, and industrial engineering are relative to an appliance assembly plant. Mr. Mallari must know the significance and functions of each engineering field. First, mechanical engineering is a wide subject that derives its extent from the need to design and manufacture everything from small individual parts and devices to large systems. The role of a mechanical engineer is to take a product from an idea to the marketplace. Next, electrical engineering deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. This field first became an identifiable occupation in after commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone, and electric power distribution and use. It now covers a wide range of subfields including electronics, digital computers, power engineering, telecommunications, control systems, RF engineering, and signal processing. While, an electronic and communications engineer is responsible for the design of electronics that drive the transmitter and receiver functions of any system transporting wireless or wired communications. A person with this job may work in the fields of computer networking, digital TV, satellite, radio or Internet technology. Lastly, industrial engineering is concerned with the design, installation, improvement, evaluation, and control of socio-technical systems in virtually all sectors, including manufacturing, distribution, government, energy,  health care, and finance. A distinguishing feature of the industrial engineering discipline is the integration of humans, machines, materials, and information to optimize the performance of such systems using available resources in the most efficient way, but withou t degrading social and physical environments. Conclusion and Recommendation Mr. Mallarià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dream of establishing his own assembly plant may be successfully accomplished if he will choose three from mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronic and communications engineering and industrial engineering for his children to take. These four fields of engineering with their own significance and specialization are relative to an assembly plant. Since electrical engineering and electronics engineering are interdisciplinary courses he may choose one and the other two are mechanical and industrial engineering. Basic management principles, along with technical knowledge and skills must be apply effectively and efficiently to attain success in the business.

History of Gaelic Football Essay

Gaelic Football has been a vital part of the Irish culture for many generations. It is a sport that brings together people in such a way that soccer does in Brazil, baseball in the U.S. and hockey in Canada. The history of Gaelic Football is very rich and passionate and even today is still an excellent display of national pride. The origins of the modern sport of Gaelic Football derive from the Irish sport of Hurling. Hurling has been a sport that has been played for over 4000 years ever since the first feast of Lunagsha in the Tailteann games (Orjan, 2006). The first known date for a Gaelic Football game was in 1670 in County Meath Ireland and the teams were 6-a-side (Orjan, 2006). They used many of the same rules of Hurling but used a larger, softer ball and no hurls. Every four steps, instead of bouncing the ball off their hurley, they would either bounce the ball or drop it to their foot and kick it back up again. The sport can be best described as a mixture of soccer and rugby. Games started to be played between counties in the early 18th century (Biege, 2007). The sport, in a completely different form, was played as far back as the 14th century and it was a very violent game. The game was played with many balls made of horsehide and involved hundreds of players and was over a great distance (Orjan 2006). The sport involved many stops for wrestling and fist fighting. The Irish some what of the same ideals as the romans that Trd Temertzoglou and Paul Challen quoted: â€Å"a sound minde in a sound body† (Exercise science, 2003, pg. 295,  ¶ 6) as they considered the game just as much an important social event as it was a sporting event and the would hold a large celebration after each match (Orjan, 2006). This sport was only well documented in County Kerry and was called Caid (Coughlan, 2001). In the modern sport of Gaelic Football, up until about 150 years ago, violence was a large part of the game (Couhlan, 2001). Even as the game became more and more structured and teams consisted of the same number of players and the game was played on a marked field with referees, violence was still widely accepted and fights were not interrupted. The sport has always had very strong social ties that surround the sport. Most teams even have a regular pub where all the players and many club supporters go after every game, whether they win or loose. Most clubs are more then just a sports team, most host many social events and act as a club for people from each County or city. The sport has the pureness of an amateur sports league but is watched and supported by the nearly the entire country and it is much like Australian rules football. Today, there is more then 2,500 clubs worldwide and an estimated 182,000 players. The sport in recent years has been able to thrive with a new emphasis on promoting the sport. However, in the early 14th century until 1527, there was a ban on all Gaelic games to reinforce the political power of the British. Again in the 1840’s it was a serious threat that the sport might be lost as the potato famine came and people did not have the energy to play the sport and many people were leaving the country. In recovery after the potato famine, the sport began to flourish. People in Ireland began to play the sport even more to show independence from England and now there were many Irish immigrants in North America and the sport began to spread. Gaelic Football as a sport has developed and changed greatly through out its history from a brutally violent game to an amazingly fast paced and skillful sport. The modern game is played on a pitch that is 130m – 145m in length and 80m – 90m wide for 70 minute at senior level football and is broken down into two 35-minute halves (History of Gaelic Football,  ¶ 7). The goal posts are 6.5m apart and a minimum of 7m tall with a crossbar at 2.5m and the goal is situated in the center of the goal line at either end of the field (History of Gaelic Football,  ¶ 7). Players are given numbers 1-15 and their number is in accordance with their position. There are 3 full backs, 3 half backs, 2 midfielders, 3 half forwards, 3 full forwards and a goalie on each team and the game is played man-on-man style so you start the game next to the player you are marking and stay with them throughout the game. There are two ways to score points in Gaelic Football. The first is to kick the ball past the goalie, which gets you 3 points, and the second way is to strike the ball either with your fist or your foot, and kick the ball over the crossbar and between the posts for 1 point. The type of ball used in Gaelic football is about the size of a soccer ball and slightly heavier. The ball can be carried in your hands for 4 steps and then you have to either get rid of the ball by striking it with your hand or kicking it or, to continue running with the ball, you can hop or solo the ball. A hop is bouncing the ball, and can only be used once in a row and the alternative is to solo the ball which is where you drop the ball to your foot and kick it back up to your self and this action can be repeated unlimited amounts of times in a row. There is a large physical presence as well in Gaelic Football. It has toned down the brutality of the sport since its original, but hard contact made shoulder to shoulder when challenging for the ball is still a legal part of the game (Orejan, 2006). The sport of Gaelic Football has changed so much in many ways, but in others, it has remained very much the same. The game has developed into a fantastic sport that requires a lot of coordination and skill. And at the same time, the culture and social aspects of the sport are so much the same. The lack of professional athletes in the sport really brings a different aspect to the sport. Everyone plays for pride and respect from the County or city they grew up in and do there best to represent their people. References Biege, B. (2007). Gaelic Football – Gaelic Games – Sporting Events in Ireland. Ireland Travel – Traveling to and in Ireland – Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland Vacations. Retrieved December 10, 2012, from http://goireland.about.com/od/specialinterestholidays/qt/gg_football.htm Coughlan, C. (2001). History of Gaelic Football. About Gaelic Football. Retrieved December 10, 2012, from homepage.eircom.net/~lahardanemchales/about.html History of Gaelic Football. Boston GAA. Retrieved December 10, 2012, from http://www.bostongaa.org/gaelic-games/history-of-gaelic-football.html Orejan, J. (2006). The History of Gaelic Football and the Gaelic Athletic Association. The Sport Management and Related Topics Journal, 2(2), 45-50. Retrieved December 6, 2012, from http://www.thesmartjournal.com/GAA.pdf Temertzoglou, T., & Challen, P. (2003). History of Physical Education and Sport. Exercise Science An Introduction to Health and Physical Education, 1, 295

Source Of Information Mother And Patient - 2081 Words

Hope A. Taitt SID# 201205672 Write Up #2 Source of Information: Mother and Patient; both reliable sources Chief Complaint: 16 year old female with past medical history of intermittent asthma presenting with malaise and back pain for two days and on the day of admission cough with dark yellow sputum. History of Present Illness/Interval History: The patient initially presented to the Emergency Department on Monday after developing severe lower back and leg pain accompanied by fatigue. The patient had attended and participated in her aunt’s wedding on Sunday evening and had spent a good portion of the evening dancing and helping out with the wedding. The patient took ibuprofen (200mg) twice without relief. On Monday, after being in too much pain to attend school, the patient presented to the ED. After doing x-rays of the lumbar spine, sacroiliac joints and sacrum which showed no abnormalities and ruling out a neurological cause for her pain, she was discharged with ibuprofen treatment for lower back pain secondary to strenuous exercise. The next day, (which is the day of admission) the patient had developed a cough which produced a dark yellow sputum and continued to have lower back pain. This prompted the mother to bring her back to the emergency department for further eval uation. On presentation back to the ED, she described the pain as being the same as the day before, rated an 8/10 in severity, non-radiating and constant. She could not describe the quality of the painShow MoreRelatedThe Womans Hospital of Texas Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagesranking of #40 in Texas, recognized in Gulf Coast and ranked #13 in Houston metro area. 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